نشریه مطالعات زبان فارسی
پیاپی 9 (بهار 1401)

The quatrain form is one of the most common forms of Persian poetry in the fourth and fifth centuries. However, compared to Iraqi style poetry, the number of quatrains of Khorasani style poets is much less and some poets such as Manouchehri have paid less attention to it. The main purpose of this article is to study the most common rhetorical forms used in Khorasani style quatrains and to study the fact that after Khayyam and Attar no Khasi quatrain has been used in Persian poetry Rather, the use of this type of quatrain has been considered by poets since the beginning of Persian poetry. The method of analysis is quantitative and descriptive. The result of the research showed that Azraghi Heravi, Farrokhi, Ansari, etc., like Qatran, paid attention to the beloved in description. The most basic rhetorical element used in Khorasani style quatrains is metaphor and simile. Moezi Neyshabouri, Qatran Tabrizi, Azraghi Heravi, and Ansari are the poets whose metaphor and simile can be clearly seen in their Divans. The poets of this period had compared the praisers and their parts of body to the elements of nature, which indicates that they paid special attention to their surroundings. The greatest effort of Azraghi is made to make imaginary similes and exaggerate the similes; thus, the poets of the Samanid period and the first half of the fifth century tried to bring an objective and similar image to every sensory and natural phenomenon.

Mystical stories use mental and spiritual subjects to spread awareness and spirituality. Many works have considered the movement of man towards transcendence and God under the title of mysticism or conduct; sometimes they have redefined this concept. Among contemporary female writers, Shahrnosh Parsipour is one of those who has worked in this field with a mystical point of view. One of the works of this author, which depicts the life of women with mystical features and themes, is the novel "Women without Men." In this work, the author depicts the life and behavior of women, each of whom is an example of women in different classes of society. This article examines the novel "Women without Men" by Shahrnosh Parsipour with a social and mystical perspective. The data of this research are collected by library method which is analyzed by a descriptive method.

Analysis of personality and manifestations of excellence and destruction based on psychology is one of the intertextual fields that has been highly regarded by literary analysts. The most basic and important point in these analyzes is to express the manifestations of excellence and destruction and their various forms in the poetry of poets. In this article, which has been done analytically-descriptively, the two categories of excellence and destruction in the poems of Mehdi Akhavan Sales have been studied based on Erich Fromm's psychoanalytic theory. Erich Fromm believes that love and its dimensions are one of the main manifestations of excellence and violence, failure, loneliness, suffocation and despair are the signs of personality destruction; therefore, the theory of the mentioned categories has been studied in the poems of this poet. The results obtained from this study indicate that Akhavan Sales has paid more attention to the category of destruction and its manifestations (including death) in his ideology. Considering the type of personality and lifestyle of the poet, this issue has had more effects in his poems. The category of transcendence in the poetry of Akhavan Sales has appeared only with the manifestations of love (love for man, ideal love, love for the homeland).

After the acceptance of Islam and the existence of verses in which the kingdom of the heavens is mentioned, the attention of the heavenly court increased among the Iranians in a way that writers, poets, and mystics used it for thematic purposes and often used the sky and related themes in their works. It is clear that in order to better understand the meanings of the verses, it is very important to know the scientific themes of the poets in different poetic periods. One of the well-known poets of Persian literature is Hakim Sanaei, who, with the knowledge of astronomy, used it in the service of mystical ideas. He made extensive use of the knowledge of the sky and astronomy in his poems, and because of his mystical tendencies, he sometimes used this knowledge to convey mystical concepts. In this analytical research, while examining the emergence of astronomical knowledge and its feedback in some mystical texts, it has been shown that Sanai is proficient in this knowledge and has used it in composing his poems in Divan

The religious epic of Delgoshanameh is one of the valuable resources of manuscripts which has historical significance in addition to literary aspects. The theme of this work, in addition to mentioning the events of Kufa from the event of Ashura to the martyrdom of Mukhtar, the praise and reverence of the Prophet and the Imams of the Infallibles includes describing the value of speech, describing the butler and letters, referring to moral issues, advice, and discrediting the mortal world. This research intends to first introduce the diary and its place in the religious epic by a descriptive-analytical method and from the intertextual point of view and textual effect on another text, and then compare the diary with the Shahnameh in terms of literature, language, and thought. And in this way, explain how Shahnameh affects Delgoshaname. The results of the research show that the composer of this work has honored Ferdowsi and guaranteed his poems wherever he has the opportunity. The poet has been influenced by Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in terms of content and theme, and many times in this poem, he refers to the heroes of Shahnameh and their stories, and compares his praisers and heroes to the kings and heroes of Shahnameh, and in some cases considers them superior to them. Therefore, Shahnameh can be considered as the background and guide of Delgoshanameh from a linguistic, literary, and structural point of view.

The common cultural similarities and contexts between Persian speakers and Kurdish speakers and their common and continuous historical experiences have led to the emergence of common cultural capitals. One of the most obvious types of these capitals is the common proverbs in these two languages. Accordingly, the authors in the present study have studied Persian and Kurdish proverbs from the dual perspective of good and evil. The research method is analytical-comparative and relies on library documents and resources. In this article, there are only examples that have equivalents in Kurdish or Persian and they are similar to each other. The results of this study show the importance of good and bad in Persian and Kurdish culture and the similarity of many common proverbs among the people of these two languages. According to this study, in the statistical population of the study, which is the total number of proverbs in the sources used, out of 52 pairs related to the duality of good and evil, only 14 were different in terms of language level and expression, and the rest were either exactly the same or They were similar. Also, the concepts of good and evil in both languages are considered as reprehensible or valuable. Most of the proverbs studied are primarily rooted in common Islamic and religious teachings, and secondly are rooted in the original traditions and beliefs of Kurdish-speakers and Persian-speakers.